N/A
2016-07-20–2021-01-04
finished
certainty: log
importance: 0
This is the August 2016 edition of the Gwern.net newsletter; previous, July 2016. This is a summary of the revision-history RSS feed, overlapping with Changelog & /
Writings
Media
Links
Genetics:
Recent Evolution:
- “Divergent Ah receptor ligand selectivity during hominin evolution”, Hubbard et al 2016 (Evolution to tolerate smoke poisoning, 350–45kya)
- “Genetic Markers of Human Evolution Are Enriched in Schizophrenia”, Srinivasan et al 2016 (Our evolution is not yet complete: evolution is still working out the kinks. Fortunately, we don’t have to wait for it to finish the job.)
- “Genetic Associations Between Personality Traits and Lifetime Reproductive Success in Humans”, Berg et al 2016 (contemporary selection for personality traits)
- “How cognitive genetic factors influence fertility outcomes: A mediational SEM analysis”, Woodley et al 2016 (More on dysgenics in the USA: mostly mediated through education’s effects on fertility.)
- “Humans Never Stopped Evolving: The emergence of blood abnormalities, an adult ability to digest milk, and changes in our physical appearance point to the continued evolution of the human race”
- “Rapid evolutionary response to a transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils”, Epstein et al 2016 (quick evolution through soft selection sweeps)
Everything Is Heritable:
- “Phenome-wide Heritability Analysis of the UK Biobank”, Ge et al 2016 (SNP heritability for 551 complex traits)
- “Identification of 15 genetic loci associated with risk of major depression in individuals of European descent”, Hyde et al 2016
- “Associations between Polygenic Risk for Psychiatric Disorders and Substance Involvement”, Carey et al 2016
- “Genetic Prediction of Male Pattern Baldness”, Hagenaars et al 2016 (baldness GCTA of 52%, and GWAS with 250 new hits from the UK Biobank.)
- “Sweet Taste Perception is Associated with Body Mass Index at the Phenotypic and Genotypic Level”, Hwang et al 2016
- “Analysis of Intellectual Disability Copy Number Variants for Association With Schizophrenia”, Rees et al 2016 (more on the pervasive genetic overlap between mental illnesses/
intellectual problems) - “Heritability and causal reasoning”, Lynch 2016
- “Genes, Evolution and Intelligence”, Bouchard 2014
- “Prevalence of Congenital Amusia”, Peretz & Vuvan 2016
Politics/
- “Evolution is Not Relevant to Sex Differences in Humans Because I Want it That Way! Evidence for the Politicization of Human Evolutionary Psychology”, Geher & Gambacorta 2016 (academia, liberalism, and propensity to blank slate beliefs like believing hens & roosters differ due to nurture)
- “Science Is Not Always ‘Self-Correcting’: Fact-Value Conflation and the Study of Intelligence”, Cofnas 2015 (scientific endorsement of the Noble Lie)
- “Insane. Invisible. In danger. Florida cut $100 million from its mental hospitals. Chaos quickly followed”
- “The Drugs Won: The Case for Ending the Sports War on Doping”
- “Incorruptibly Evil”
- “Is God an Accident?”
- “The Lie Factory: How politics became a business”
- “Intelligence challenged people and free speech”
- Stanislav Petrov
AI:
- “Decoupled Neural Interfaces using Synthetic Gradients”, Jaderberg et al 2016 (DeepMind explainer; potentially allows for extreme parallelization of neural nets across GPUs)
- “Why does deep and cheap learning work so well?”, Lin & Tegmark 2016 (Tegmark tries to explain from a physics perspective why deep learning works.)
- “Densely Connected Convolutional Networks”, Huang et al 2016 (A new twist on highway/
residual/ fractal networks, with further records set on image tasks.) - “How To Save Mankind From The New Breed of Killer Robots” (Tool AIs want to become agent AIs.)
- “Apprenticeship learning using Inverse Reinforcement Learning”
Statistics/
- “How Multiple Imputation Makes a Difference”, Lall 2016 (many political science results biased & driven by treatment of missing data)
- Fundamental theorem of poker
- “Dynamic Programming in Python: Bayesian Blocks”
Psychology/
- “Long-Term Outcomes Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury in Childhood and Adolescence: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study of a Wide Range of Medical and Social Outcomes”, Sariaslan et al 2016 (Terrifyingly large within-family estimates, and the risk increases with age in adolescence.)
- “Heads or tails: the impact of a coin toss on major life decisions and subsequent happiness”, Levitt 2020 (You can randomize anything if you’re sufficiently clever about it—even having babies, quitting jobs, moving, or starting a business. Arguably, like computer chess or ‘comfort zone expansion’, this suggests humans may be too risk-averse: the people on the margin, the 6% who apparently could be swayed by a coin flip, should be making these decisions more often, suggesting a bias towards the status quo.)
- “The Long-Term Impact of International Migration on Economic Decision-Making: Evidence from a Migration Lottery and Lab-in-the-Field Experiments”, Gibson et al 2016 (Many traits are stable. Migrants aren’t going to become more patient, intelligent, peaceful, pro-capitalism, or long-term oriented just because they’ve immigrated to your country.)
- “To Study or to Sleep? The Academic Costs of Extra Studying at the Expense of Sleep”, Gillen-O’Neel et al 2013
- “We Add Near, Average Far”
Technology:
- “Strategy Letter V” (Reminder: Android vs iPhone, Oculus vs Vive, Microsoft vs Apple, Facebook vs media, Twitter vs API users, Amazon vs anything—everything in SV is ruled by ‘commoditize your complement’ and low marginal costs.)
- “DDoSCoin: Cryptocurrency with a Malicious Proof-of-Work”, Wustrow & VanderSloot 2016 (Who knew HTTPS connections could provide third-party-verifiable signatures and so HTTPS is a valid Proof-of-Work and one can incentivize creating HTTPS connections and hence DDoSes?)
- “Losing My Revolution: How Many Resources Shared on Social Media Have Been Lost?”, SalahEldeen & Nelson 2012
- “Learnable Programming: Designing a programming system for understanding programs”
Economics:
- “The Case Against Everyone’s Favorite Tax Break: The Mortgage Interest Deduction”
- “Fair Division of Black-Hole Negentropy: an Introduction to Cooperative Game Theory”
- “Arbitrage and equilibrium in the Team Fortress 2 economy”
- “Open-access deal for particle physics: Consortium brokers agreement with 12 journals”
- “Grade inflation: why weren’t the instructors all giving all A’s already?”
Philosophy:
- “Trying to See Through: A Unified Theory of Nerddom”
- “Covert virtue—the signal that doesn’t bark?”
- “Let Us Give To Future”
- Alarm Bell Phrase
Fiction:
- The Mongolian Wizard: “Day of the Kraken”, Michael Swanwick
- “Villon’s Straight Tip To All Cross Coves”
Misc:
- “Detailed Discussion of Legal Rights and Duties in Lost Pet Disputes”, Berry 2010 (lost/
abandoned pets are surprisingly complex legally) - “What was it like to try a rat? (Comparative Jurisprudence, part 1)”
- Tendril perversion (An uncommon name for a common phenomenon; investigated by no less than Charles Darwin.)
- WSJ hedcut
Books
Nonfiction:
- Fortune’s Formula, Poundstone 2005 (review)
- The Future of Machine Intelligence: Perspectives from Leading Practitioners, ed Beyer 2016 (short 80pg ebook of interviews with ML experts; some are notable, like Ilya Sutskever, some much less so (an evolutionary computation guy? what has that field done in years?) but all interviews are so short, ~5 pages, that they hardly get into any depth, and it’s a waste of time.)
Film/TV
Live-action:
Anime:
- The Wind Rises (review)
- The Dog of Flanders (a classic anime children’s movie; aside from the unusual Belgian setting, not too much to recommend it for adults—cardboard characters and almost excruciatingly slow, with a few missteps like failing to establish chronology so the main character’s eviction “by Christmas” comes as a total surprise because the viewer still thinks it’s autumn)
Link Bibliography
Bibliography of page links in reading order (with annotations when available):
“July 2016 News”, (2016-06-23):
N/A
“Changelog”, (2013-09-15):
This page is a changelog for Gwern.net: a monthly reverse chronological list of recent major writings/
changes/ additions. Following my writing can be a little difficult because it is often so incremental. So every month, in addition to my regular /
r/ subreddit submissions, I write up reasonably-interesting changes and send it out to the mailing list in addition to a compilation of links & reviews (archives).Gwern “/r/gwern subreddit”, (2018-10-01):
A subreddit for posting links of interest and also for announcing updates to gwern.net (which can be used as a RSS feed). Submissions are categorized similar to the monthly newsletter and typically will be collated there.
/
Embryo-selection#multiple-selection-on-genetically-correlated-traits /
Statistical-notes#great-scott-personal-name-collisions-and-the-birthday-paradox “Divergent Ah Receptor Ligand Selectivity during Hominin Evolution”, (2016):
We have identified a fixed nonsynonymous sequence difference between humans (Val381; derived variant) and Neandertals (Ala381; ancestral variant) in the ligand-binding domain of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) gene. In an exome sequence analysis of four Neandertal and Denisovan individuals compared with nine modern humans, there are only 90 total nucleotide sites genome-wide for which archaic hominins are fixed for the ancestral nonsynonymous variant and the modern humans are fixed for the derived variant. Of those sites, only 27, including Val381 in the AHR, also have no reported variability in the human dbSNP database, further suggesting that this highly conserved functional variant is a rare event. Functional analysis of the amino acid variant Ala381 within the AHR carried by Neandertals and nonhuman primates indicate enhanced polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) binding, DNA binding capacity, and AHR mediated transcriptional activity compared with the human AHR. Also relative to human AHR, the Neandertal AHR exhibited 150-1000 times greater sensitivity to induction of Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1 expression by PAHs (e.g., benzo(a)pyrene). The resulting CYP1A1/CYP1B1 enzymes are responsible for PAH first pass metabolism, which can result in the generation of toxic intermediates and perhaps AHR-associated toxicities. In contrast, the human AHR retains the ancestral sensitivity observed in primates to nontoxic endogenous AHR ligands (e.g., indole, indoxyl sulfate). Our findings reveal that a functionally significant change in the AHR occurred uniquely in humans, relative to other primates, that would attenuate the response to many environmental pollutants, including chemicals present in smoke from fire use during cooking.
http:/
/ www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/ article/ S0006-3223%2815%2900855-0/ pdf “How cognitive genetic factors influence fertility outcomes: A mediational SEM analysis”, (2016-08-18):
Utilizing a newly released cognitive Polygenic Score (PGS) from Wave IV of Add Health (n = 1,886), structural equation models (SEMs) examining the relationship between PGS and fertility (which is approximately 50% complete in the present sample), utilizing measures of verbal IQ and educational attainment as potential mediators, were estimated. The results of indirect pathway models revealed that verbal IQ mediates the positive relationship between PGS and educational attainment, and educational attainment in turn mediates the negative relationship between IQ and a latent fertility measure. The direct path from PGS to fertility was non-significant. The model was robust to controlling for age, sex and race, furthermore the results of a multi-group SEM revealed no significant differences in the estimated path coefficients across sex. These results indicate that those predisposed towards higher IQ by virtue of higher PGS values are also predisposed towards trading fertility against time spent in education, which contributes to those with higher PGS values producing fewer offspring.
https:/
/ www.the-scientist.com/ ?articles.view/ articleNo/ 46651/ title/ Humans-Never-Stopped-Evolving/ http:/
/ www.nature.com/ ncomms/ 2016/ 160830/ ncomms12684/ full/ ncomms12684.html “Phenome-wide Heritability Analysis of the UK Biobank”, (2016-08-18):
Heritability estimation provides important information about the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to phenotypic variation, and provides an upper bound for the utility of genetic risk prediction models. Recent technological and statistical advances have enabled the estimation of additive heritability attributable to common genetic variants (SNP heritability) across a broad phenotypic spectrum. However, assessing the comparative heritability of multiple traits estimated in different cohorts may be misleading due to the population-specific nature of heritability. Here we report the SNP heritability for 551 complex traits derived from the large-scale, population-based UK Biobank, comprising both quantitative phenotypes and disease codes, and examine the moderating effect of three major demographic variables (age, sex and socioeconomic status) on the heritability estimates. Our study represents the first comprehensive phenome-wide heritability analysis in the UK Biobank, and underscores the importance of considering population characteristics in comparing and interpreting heritability.
“Identification of 15 genetic loci associated with risk of major depression in individuals of European descent”, (2016-08-01):
Despite strong evidence supporting the heritability of major depressive disorder (MDD), previous genome-wide studies were unable to identify risk loci among individuals of European descent. We used self-report data from 75,607 individuals reporting clinical diagnosis of depression and 231,747 individuals reporting no history of depression through 23andMe and carried out meta-analysis of these results with published MDD genome-wide association study results. We identified five independent variants from four regions associated with self-report of clinical diagnosis or treatment for depression. Loci with a p value <1.0 × 10−5 in the meta-analysis were further analyzed in a replication data set (45,773 cases and 106,354 controls) from 23andMe. A total of 17 independent SNPs from 15 regions reached genome-wide significance after joint analysis over all three data sets. Some of these loci were also implicated in genome-wide association studies of related psychiatric traits. These studies provide evidence for large-scale consumer genomic data as a powerful and efficient complement to data collected from traditional means of ascertainment for neuropsychiatric disease genomics.
http:/
/ journal.frontiersin.org/ article/ 10.3389/ fgene.2016.00149/ full “Genetic Prediction of Male Pattern Baldness”, (2016-08-31):
Male pattern baldness can have substantial psychosocial effects, and it has been phenotypically linked to adverse health outcomes such as prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease. We explored the genetic architecture of the trait using data from over 52,000 male participants of UK Biobank, aged 40-69 years. We identified over 250 independent novel genetic loci associated with severe hair loss. By developing a prediction algorithm based entirely on common genetic variants, and applying it to an independent sample, we could discriminate accurately (AUC = 0.82) between those with no hair loss from those with severe hair loss. The results of this study might help identify those at the greatest risk of hair loss and also potential genetic targets for intervention.
“Prevalence of Congenital Amusia”, (2016-08-22):
Congenital amusia (commonly known as tone-deafness) is a lifelong musical disorder that should affect 4% of the population according to a single estimate based on a single test from 1980. Here we present the first large-based measure of prevalence with a sample of 20,000 participants that does not rely on self-referral. On the basis of three objective tests and a questionnaire, we show that (a) the prevalence of congenital amusia is only 1.5% with slightly more females than males, unlike other developmental disorders where males often predominate; (b) self-disclosure is a reliable index of congenital amusia, that suggests that congenital amusia is hereditary with 46% first-degree relatives similarly affected; c) that the deficit is not attenuated by musical training and d) it emerges in relative isolation from other cognitive disorder except for spatial orientation problems. Hence, we suggest that congenital amusia is likely to result from genetic variations that affect musical abilities specifically.
http:/
/ www.tampabay.com/ projects/ 2015/ investigations/ florida-mental-health-hospitals/ https:/
/ sports.vice.com/ en_us/ article/ the-drugs-won-the-case-for-ending-the-sports-war-on-doping http:/
/ econlog.econlib.org/ archives/ 2012/ 09/ incorruptibly_e.html http:/
/ www.theatlantic.com/ magazine/ archive/ 2005/ 12/ is-god-an-accident/ 304425/ ?single_page=true http:/
/ www.newyorker.com/ magazine/ 2012/ 09/ 24/ the-lie-factory http:/
/ blogs.discovermagazine.com/ gnxp/ 2012/ 09/ intelligence-challenged-people-and-free-speech/ “Stanislav Petrov”, (2020-12-28):
Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov was a lieutenant colonel of the Soviet Air Defence Forces who played a key role in the 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident. On 26 September 1983, three weeks after the Soviet military had shot down Korean Air Lines Flight 007, Petrov was the duty officer at the command center for the Oko nuclear early-warning system when the system reported that a missile had been launched from the United States, followed by up to five more. Petrov judged the reports to be a false alarm, and his decision to disobey orders, against Soviet military protocol, is credited with having prevented an erroneous retaliatory nuclear attack on the United States and its NATO allies that could have resulted in a large-scale nuclear war. An investigation later confirmed that the Soviet satellite warning system had indeed malfunctioned.
“Decoupled Neural Interfaces using Synthetic Gradients”, (2016-08-18):
Training directed neural networks typically requires forward-propagating data through a computation graph, followed by backpropagating error signal, to produce weight updates. All layers, or more generally, modules, of the network are therefore locked, in the sense that they must wait for the remainder of the network to execute forwards and propagate error backwards before they can be updated. In this work we break this constraint by decoupling modules by introducing a model of the future computation of the network graph. These models predict what the result of the modelled subgraph will produce using only local information. In particular we focus on modelling error gradients: by using the modelled synthetic gradient in place of true backpropagated error gradients we decouple subgraphs, and can update them independently and asynchronously i.e. we realise decoupled neural interfaces. We show results for feed-forward models, where every layer is trained asynchronously, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) where predicting one’s future gradient extends the time over which the RNN can effectively model, and also a hierarchical RNN system with ticking at different timescales. Finally, we demonstrate that in addition to predicting gradients, the same framework can be used to predict inputs, resulting in models which are decoupled in both the forward and backwards pass – amounting to independent networks which co-learn such that they can be composed into a single functioning corporation.
https:/
/ deepmind.com/ blog#decoupled-neural-interfaces-using-synthetic-gradients “Why does deep and cheap learning work so well?”, (2016-08-29):
We show how the success of deep learning could depend not only on mathematics but also on physics: although well-known mathematical theorems guarantee that neural networks can approximate arbitrary functions well, the class of functions of practical interest can frequently be approximated through "cheap learning" with exponentially fewer parameters than generic ones. We explore how properties frequently encountered in physics such as symmetry, locality, compositionality, and polynomial log-probability translate into exceptionally simple neural networks. We further argue that when the statistical process generating the data is of a certain hierarchical form prevalent in physics and machine-learning, a deep neural network can be more efficient than a shallow one. We formalize these claims using information theory and discuss the relation to the renormalization group. We prove various "no-flattening theorems" showing when efficient linear deep networks cannot be accurately approximated by shallow ones without efficiency loss, for example, we show that variables cannot be multiplied using fewer than 2^n neurons in a single hidden layer.
“Densely Connected Convolutional Networks”, (2016-08-25):
Recent work has shown that convolutional networks can be substantially deeper, more accurate, and efficient to train if they contain shorter connections between layers close to the input and those close to the output. In this paper, we embrace this observation and introduce the Dense Convolutional Network (DenseNet), which connects each layer to every other layer in a feed-forward fashion. Whereas traditional convolutional networks with L layers have L connections—one between each layer and its subsequent layer—our network has L(L+1)/2 direct connections. For each layer, the feature-maps of all preceding layers are used as inputs, and its own feature-maps are used as inputs into all subsequent layers. DenseNets have several compelling advantages: they alleviate the vanishing-gradient problem, strengthen feature propagation, encourage feature reuse, and substantially reduce the number of parameters. We evaluate our proposed architecture on four highly competitive object recognition benchmark tasks (CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, SVHN, and ImageNet). DenseNets obtain significant improvements over the state-of-the-art on most of them, whilst requiring less computation to achieve high performance. Code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/liuzhuang13/DenseNet .
https:/
/ www.buzzfeed.com/ sarahatopol/ how-to-save-mankind-from-the-new-breed-of-killer-robots http:/
/ scholar.harvard.edu/ files/ ranjitlall/ files/ lall_2016_pa.pdf “Fundamental theorem of poker”, (2020-12-22):
The fundamental theorem of poker is a principle first articulated by David Sklansky that he believes expresses the essential nature of poker as a game of decision-making in the face of incomplete information.
Every time you play a hand differently from the way you would have played it if you could see all your opponents' cards, they gain; and every time you play your hand the same way you would have played it if you could see all their cards, they lose. Conversely, every time opponents play their hands differently from the way they would have if they could see all your cards, you gain; and every time they play their hands the same way they would have played if they could see all your cards, you lose.
http:/
/ jakevdp.github.io/ blog/ 2012/ 09/ 12/ dynamic-programming-in-python/ http:/
/ journals.plos.org/ plosmedicine/ article?id=10.1371/ journal.pmed.1002103 “Heads or Tails: The Impact of a Coin Toss on Major Life Decisions and Subsequent Happiness”, (2020-05-19):
Little is known about whether people make good choices when facing important decisions. This article reports on a large-scale randomized field experiment in which research subjects having difficulty making a decision flipped a coin to help determine their choice. For important decisions (e.g. quitting a job or ending a relationship), individuals who are told by the coin toss to make a change are more likely to make a change, more satisfied with their decisions, and happier six months later than those whose coin toss instructed maintaining the status quo. This finding suggests that people may be excessively cautious when facing life-changing choices. [Keywords: quitting, happiness, decision biases.]
https:/
/ pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ 7e80/ ed35a849c983ba25e072016a015da63e37c0.pdf http:/
/ www.overcomingbias.com/ 2012/ 10/ we-add-near-average-far.html “Joel on Software: Strategy Letter V”, (2002-06-11):
Every product in the marketplace has substitutes and complements. A substitute is another product you might buy if the first product is too expensive. Chicken is a substitute for beef. If you’re a chicken farmer and the price of beef goes up, the people will want more chicken, and you will sell more. A complement is a product that you usually buy together with another product. Gas and cars are complements. Computer hardware is a classic complement of computer operating systems. And babysitters are a complement of dinner at fine restaurants. In a small town, when the local five star restaurant has a two-for-one Valentine’s day special, the local babysitters double their rates. (Actually, the nine-year-olds get roped into early service.) All else being equal, demand for a product increases when the prices of its complements decrease.
Let me repeat that because you might have dozed off, and it’s important. Demand for a product increases when the prices of its complements decrease. For example, if flights to Miami become cheaper, demand for hotel rooms in Miami goes up—because more people are flying to Miami and need a room. When computers become cheaper, more people buy them, and they all need operating systems, so demand for operating systems goes up, which means the price of operating systems can go up.
…Once again: demand for a product increases when the price of its complements decreases. In general, a company’s strategic interest is going to be to get the price of their complements as low as possible. The lowest theoretically sustainable price would be the “commodity price”—the price that arises when you have a bunch of competitors offering indistinguishable goods. So:
Smart companies try to commoditize their products’ complements.
If you can do this, demand for your product will increase and you will be able to charge more and make more.
“Laws of Tech: Commoditize Your Complement”, (2018-03-17):
Joel Spolsky in 2002 identified a major pattern in technology business & economics: the pattern of “commoditizing your complement”, an alternative to vertical integration, where companies seek to secure a chokepoint or quasi-monopoly in products composed of many necessary & sufficient layers by dominating one layer while fostering so much competition in another layer above or below its layer that no competing monopolist can emerge, prices are driven down to marginal costs elsewhere in the stack, total price drops & increases demand, and the majority of the consumer surplus of the final product can be diverted to the quasi-monopolist. A classic example is the commodification of PC hardware by the Microsoft OS monopoly, to the detriment of IBM & benefit of MS.
This pattern explains many otherwise odd or apparently self-sabotaging ventures by large tech companies into apparently irrelevant fields, such as the high rate of releasing open-source contributions by many Internet companies or the intrusion of advertising companies into smartphone manufacturing & web browser development & statistical software & fiber-optic networks & municipal WiFi & radio spectrum auctions & DNS (Google): they are pre-emptive attempts to commodify another company elsewhere in the stack, or defenses against it being done to them.
“DDoSCoin: Cryptocurrency with a Malicious Proof-of-Work”, (2016-08-08):
[HTTPS connections can provide third-party-verifiable signatures and so HTTPS is a valid Proof-of-Work and one can incentivize creating HTTPS connections and hence DDoSes. This could also be used non-maliciously to create a distributed anonymous uptime-checking service, by incentivizing only a few connections each time period for small bounties.]
Since its creation in 2009, Bitcoin has used a hash-based proof-of-work to generate new blocks, and create a single public ledger of transactions. The hash-based computational puzzle employed by Bitcoin is instrumental to its security, preventing Sybil attacks and making double-spending attacks more difficult. However, there have been concerns over the efficiency of this proof-of-work puzzle, and alternative “useful” proofs have been proposed. In this paper, we present DDoSCoin, which is a cryptocurrency with a malicious proof-of-work. DDoSCoin allows miners to prove that they have contributed to a distributed denial of service attack against specific target servers. This proof involves making a large number of TLS connections to a target server, and using cryptographic responses to prove that a large number of connections has been made. Like proof-of-work puzzles, these proofs are inexpensive to verify, and can be made arbitrarily difficult to solve.
“Losing My Revolution: How Many Resources Shared on Social Media Have Been Lost?”, (2012-09-13):
Social media content has grown exponentially in the recent years and the role of social media has evolved from just narrating life events to actually shaping them. In this paper we explore how many resources shared in social media are still available on the live web or in public web archives. By analyzing six different event-centric datasets of resources shared in social media in the period from June 2009 to March 2012, we found about 11 after just a year and an average of 27 half years. Furthermore, we found a nearly linear relationship between time of sharing of the resource and the percentage lost, with a slightly less linear relationship between time of sharing and archiving coverage of the resource. From this model we conclude that after the first year of publishing, nearly 11 of shared resources will be lost and after that we will continue to lose 0.02 per day.
https:/
/ priceonomics.com/ the-case-against-everyones-favorite-tax-break-the/ http:/
/ lesswrong.com/ lw/ 12v/ fair_division_of_blackhole_negentropy_an/ http:/
/ www.nature.com/ news/ open-access-deal-for-particle-physics-1.11468 http:/
/ www.overcomingbias.com/ 2012/ 09/ covert-virtue-the-signal-that-doesnt-bark.html http:/
/ www.overcomingbias.com/ 2011/ 09/ let-us-give-to-future.html http:/
/ www.tor.com/ series/ mongolian-wizard-stories-michael-swanwick/ http:/
/ www.fromoldbooks.org/ Farmer-MusaPedestris/ villons-straight-tip-to-all-cross-coves.html https:/
/ www.animallaw.info/ article/ detailed-discussion-legal-rights-and-duties-lost-pet-disputes “Tendril perversion”, (2020-12-28):
Tendril perversion, often referred to in context as simply perversion, is a geometric phenomenon found in helical structures such as plant tendrils, in which a helical structure forms that is divided into two sections of opposite chirality, with a transition between the two in the middle. A similar phenomenon can often be observed in kinked helical cables such as telephone handset cords.
“Hedcut”, (2020-12-28):
Hedcut is a term referring to a style of drawing, associated with The Wall Street Journal half-column portrait illustrations. They use the stipple method of many small dots and the hatching method of small lines to create an image, and are designed to emulate the look of woodcuts from old-style newspapers, and engravings on certificates and currency. The phonetic spelling of "hed" may be based on newspapers' use of the term hed for "headline."
https:/
/ www.amazon.com/ Fortunes-Formula-Scientific-Betting-Casinos/ dp/ 0809045990 http:/
/ www.oreilly.com/ data/ free/ future-of-machine-intelligence.csp “Marty (film)”, (2020-12-28):
Marty is a 1955 American romantic drama film directed by Delbert Mann in his directorial debut. The screenplay was written by Paddy Chayefsky, expanding upon his 1953 teleplay of the same name, which was broadcast on The Philco-Goodyear Television Playhouse and starred Rod Steiger in the title role.
“The Wind Rises”, (2020-12-28):
The Wind Rises is a 2013 Japanese animated historical drama film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki, animated by Studio Ghibli for the Nippon Television Network, Dentsu, Hakuhodo DY Media Partners, Walt Disney Japan, Mitsubishi, Toho and KDDI and distributed by Toho. It was released on 20 July 2013, in Japan, and was released by Touchstone Pictures in North America on 21 February 2014.
“Dog of Flanders (TV series)”, (2020-12-28):
Dog of Flanders is a 1975 Japanese animated television series adaptation of Ouida's 1872 novel of the same name, produced by Nippon Animation. 52 episodes were produced. A film version was released in 1997.
“Gwern.net newsletter (Substack subscription page)”, (2013-12-01):
Subscription page for the monthly gwern.net newsletter. There are monthly updates, which will include summaries of projects I’ve worked on that month (the same as the changelog), collations of links or discussions from my subreddit, and book/movie reviews. You can also browse the archives since December 2013.
“Gwern.net newsletter archives”, (2013-12-01):
Newsletter tag: archive of all issues back to 2013 for the gwern.net newsletter (monthly updates, which will include summaries of projects I’ve worked on that month (the same as the changelog), collations of links or discussions from my subreddit, and book/movie reviews.)