Wednesday, July 27, 2011

Discounting Details

This post offers some further details in connection with an essay I've written for Bloomberg Views. It will be was published tomorrow, 28 July 2011. The topic is economic discounting, which I've posted on before. I naturally didn't get into any mathematical details in the Bloomberg essay, but some readers may find that looking at a little of the mathematics may help to clarify the key point of the argument. So here goes (in a sketch; I encourage everyone to read the original paper):

Suppose that the true discount rate for next year is r1, for the year after is r2, and so on, the rate for the ith year being ri. No one knows what these will be; the rates will fluctuate from year to year. To calculate the total discount factor over a string of N years, you should multiply the individual factors associated with each year as follows,

where δt = 1 year.

But because the future isn't known, Farmer and Geanakoplos point out, determining the correct discount factor to use over the coming N years means averaging over all possible future paths, i.e. all possible sequences of values r1, r2, ... up through rN. Hence, we need to calculate the value of an "effective" discount factor given by the formula,

[Note: This sum, of course, should be divided by the total number of paths to give the average, effective discount.]

Now, it is tempting to think that when you go through the details of calculating this average, summing up the contributions for all possible paths, and dividing by the number of paths, you will find some kind of simple result in which Deff(T) will be equal to a single exponential factor with an average discount rate for the N years, ravg. In others words, you might think -- and most peoples' intuition would tend this way -- that you would find an equation such as


That is, the effective discount rate over N years takes an exponential form with some constant ravg.

Seems sensible, but turns out to be totally wrong. If you demand the equality reflected in the previous equation, then, to make it work as T gets large, it turns out that in many cases ravg will not be a constant in time, but will take on smaller and smaller values as T gets larger. This is what Farmer and Geanakoplos have shown using computer simulations to do the calculation. They used a so-called geometric random walk for the fluctuating rate r, this being the most common mathematical process used in finance to model interest rate fluctuations (i.e. this isn't a crazy or weird model, but a highly plausible one).

Their simulations show that, as a result, the effective discount factor Deff(T) doesn't have an exponential form at all, but rather a very different "power law" form,


where α and β are constants. This falls off with increasing T much slower than an exponential. In other words, it makes discounting much weaker than the incorrect exponential form would suggest it should be.

In the earlier post I discussed some of the implications of this result and a table indicating just how rapidly, after 200 years or so, the exponential and power law forms give wildly different results, with the exponential discounting the value of the future millions or billions of times too strong.

It's rather frightening that a subtle error could make us mis-value the future so profoundly, but this indeed seems to be what we are currently doing. The incorrect exponential form is in wide and standard use by economists doing cost-benefit analyses of everything.
Posted by Mark Buchanan at 6:56 PM

60 comments:

  1. Jens Vallø ChristiansenJuly 28, 2011 at 10:54 AM

    This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Jens Vallø ChristiansenJuly 28, 2011 at 11:00 AM

    Don't discard exponential discounting just yet. Farmer and Geanakoplos base their 'hyperbolic discount function' on the subjective value test subjects place on events far into the future. Experience and common sense tells me that people are NOT good at making such estimates.

    But even if they were, there is still a more fundamental flaw in Farmer and Geanakoplos' argument. Exponential discounting is a way of expressing the value of a future cash flow as the amount of money one would have to deposit in an account earning continuously compounded interest, today. It is not a subjective valuation of the future cash flow! Money in a deposit account, on the other hand, does not accumulate according to a hyperbolic function!

    So if Farmer and Geanakoplos care so much about events 500 or 700 years from now, they should simply found an 'environment preservation fund' and deposit one dollar earning the risk-free interest rate. Then they can sit back and let the force of compound interest work its magic.

    If you don't believe me, consider what will happen to $1 deposited in an account for 500 years at a (continuously compounded) rate of 4% per annum. Ten compare this with Farmer and Geanakoplos' hyperbolic function using, for instance, alpha = 0.04 and beta = 0.9. Which would you prefer? :)

    ReplyDelete
  3. dlebedevJuly 28, 2011 at 4:55 PM

    Jens, you seem to confuse risk-free rate and discount rate. It is common in financial models to discount using the risk-free rate, but the real discount rate includes also premiums for risk, alternativity etc.

    ReplyDelete
  4. DavidJuly 28, 2011 at 8:53 PM

    Jens,
    This might be true if there was such a thing as a 4% annual return over 500 years - but because of rate fluctuation and risk, there is not. In fact, 30 years is as good as it gets - and that still has default risk.

    ReplyDelete
  5. AnonymousJuly 28, 2011 at 9:29 PM

    This can't be right. It seems to completely ignore 30 years of research on consistent yield curve modeling. There are perfectly mathematically well-defined and plausible models of interest rates that will reproduce today's forward rate curve under almost any reasonable dynamics. Geometric brownian motion does give somewhat stupid results in the very long term (because rates get concentrated close to zero), but that model wasn't handed down by god - there are other much more empirically reasonable models widely used in finance. (Almost certainly that includes models that Geanakoplos uses, since he's a partner in a mortgage hedge fund, and those types of investors drove a lot of the model development.)

    Gotta go find the paper...

    ReplyDelete
  6. John DodsonJuly 29, 2011 at 4:33 AM

    I am a big fan of New Scientist, but I do not understand why a two year old article is suddenly news-worthy. Did it finally get picked up by a journal?

    The main point seems to be that people may be irrational in ignoring the mean-reversion of discounting rates that has been apparent in the pricing of government bonds.

    Fine, then we are irrational. But is that a basis for policy?

    Fair-enough, the evidence for mean-reversion is only apparent for the next thirty-ish years (and has been for the past hundred) -- so maybe there is a basis for doubt when one speculates about inter-temporal preferences several centuries from now -- but it would seem to be a bit anti-science to ignore the data at hand just because it contradicts an (irrational) belief.

    ReplyDelete
  7. D MacJuly 29, 2011 at 6:38 PM

    The problem with such reasoning is that it doesn't scale properly with dt. Make dt much less than a year (say, 1/1000th of a year), and then run the simulations to price a 30 year bond (30000 time periods). You'll get a miniscule rate, approaching 0 as dt -> 0. Other models don't have this characteristic; they are robust to choice of dt.

    ReplyDelete
  8. MCAugust 2, 2011 at 8:12 PM

    @ D Mac

    I haven't read the paper. Is the scaling problem you highlight to do with how you calculate the rate of variability of interest rates fluctuations? I.e., the probability an interest rate will move by more than 2 percentage points in a year is greater than the probability is will move by 2 percentage points in a day. That would mean that as you scale down the period and dt, you get increasingly smaller ranges of interest rate realizations that you average over. In the limit, as time goes to zero, there would be no variation in interest rates at all, and you would just have whatever rate you started with.

    ReplyDelete
  9. ivansmlAugust 2, 2011 at 10:52 PM

    Isn't the result of the paper driven by assuming non-stationary process for one-period discount rates? It seems to me that if r(t) was stationary, then its average over large number of periods would converge to some mean discount rate E[r], and D(T) would converge to something like exp(-E[r]*T) - a standard exponential discounting formula.

    ReplyDelete
  10. AnonymousAugust 6, 2011 at 12:16 AM

    @ivansml - I agree. I think that's part of it. What's weird is that they picked up from the Ho-Lee paper of the mid-'80s and ignored all of the (much more realistic) models of interest rate dynamics developed since then. The realistic models all have (quasi) stationary processes for the short rate. ("Quasi" because there are always initial transients to match today's forward curve.) A simple example is the Hull-White model, which has gaussian interest rates. That model has certainty-equivalent exponential discount factors.

    ReplyDelete
  11. Project consultant in kolkataOctober 14, 2011 at 7:26 AM

    Finance Outlook, the complete financial solution.We provide one of a kind innovative financial remedies to all the financial riddles and puzzles that you tumble upon, every moment.

    ReplyDelete
  12. Luke LeaDecember 24, 2011 at 6:51 AM

    "They used a so-called geometric random walk"

    That assumption needs to be justified. What is a geometric random walk?

    ReplyDelete
  13. Luke LeaDecember 24, 2011 at 6:50 PM

    "Geometric Random Walks: A Survey
    SANTOSH VEMPALA

    Abstract. The developing theory of geometric random walks is outlined
    here. Three aspects|general methods for estimating convergence (the
    \mixing" rate), isoperimetric inequalities in Rn and their intimate connec-
    tion to random walks, and algorithms for fundamental problems (volume
    computation and convex optimization) that are based on sampling by random walks|are discussed.

    1. Introduction
    A geometric random walk starts at some point in Rn and at each step, moves to a \neighboring" point chosen according to some distribution that depends only on the current point, e.g., a uniform random point within a xed distance.

    The sequence of points visited is a random walk. The distribution of the
    current point, in particular, its convergence to a steady state (or stationary) distribution, turns out to be a very interesting phenomenon. By choosing the one-step distribution appropriately, one can ensure that the steady state distribution is, for example, the uniform distribution over a convex body, or indeed any reasonable distribution in Rn."

    To make this assumption is scientism, not economics. I'm afraid your committment to physics is ruining your chances of becoming a good economist.

    ReplyDelete
  14. Luke LeaDecember 24, 2011 at 6:53 PM

    It's called "adjusting the wooden ear phones" (from Feynman's talk on cargo cults)

    http://www.lhup.edu/~DSIMANEK/cargocul.htm

    ReplyDelete
  15. UnknownJuly 31, 2012 at 12:49 PM

    I see the superlative contents on your blogs and I perfectly enjoy going through them.
    unsecured loans online

    ReplyDelete
  16. UnknownAugust 24, 2012 at 8:58 AM

    I Love your articles guys keep it up.
    online application

    ReplyDelete
  17. AnonymousOctober 13, 2012 at 10:18 AM

    Your computer is rattling instructive and your articles are wonderful.dui attorneys

    ReplyDelete
  18. UnknownFebruary 20, 2013 at 11:28 AM

    Thanks for sharing this information its really nice.
    advantages of roll over iras

    ReplyDelete
  19. UnknownApril 12, 2013 at 2:43 PM

    I would surely give 10 on 10 for such incredible content.
    whole life insurance quotes

    ReplyDelete
  20. UnknownApril 13, 2013 at 6:45 AM

    Cool website buddy I am gona suggest this to all my list of contacts.
    whole life insurance quotes online

    ReplyDelete
  21. UnknownMay 10, 2013 at 1:19 PM

    I went over this website and I conceive you've got a large number of splendid information,
    payday loans online direct lenders

    ReplyDelete
  22. UnknownMay 15, 2013 at 9:07 AM

    I would be appreciating all of your articles and blogs as a result of their suiting up mark.
    payday loan online

    ReplyDelete
  23. UnknownMay 29, 2013 at 1:59 PM

    Modern times when internet has so much facility of gossip and stuff, your articles have awfully refreshed me.accident compensation

    ReplyDelete
  24. shahbazApril 23, 2014 at 12:45 PM

    Visit our web and get free Digital Event tickets online. It will be helpful for you.

    ReplyDelete
  25. mcqJuly 3, 2017 at 2:49 PM

    خدمات تسليك المجاري شركة تسليك مجارى بالرياض نقدم اليكم افضل الخدمات علي الاطلاق حيث اننا نقوم بحل مشكلة
    شركة تسليك مجاري بالرياض انسداد المجاري بافضل الطرق فنحن

    ReplyDelete
  26. ghadaJuly 22, 2017 at 9:46 PM



    شركة نقل عفش
    اهم شركات مكافحة حشرات بالخبر كذلك معرض اهم شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام والخبر والجبيل والخبر والاحساء والقطيف كذلك شركة رش حشرات بالدمام ومكافحة الحشرات بالخبر
    شركة مكافحة حشرات بالدمام
    شركة تنظيف خزانات بجدة الجوهرة من افضل شركات تنظيف الخزانات بجدة حيث ان تنظيف خزانات بجدة يحتاج الى مهارة فى كيفية غسيل وتنظيف الخزانات الكبيرة والصغيرة بجدة على ايدى متخصصين فى تنظيف الخزانات بجدة
    شركة تنظيف خزانات بجدة
    شركة كشف تسربات المياه بالدمام
    شركة نقل عفش واثاث

    ReplyDelete
  27. ghadaJuly 22, 2017 at 9:48 PM



    شركة نقل عفش بالرياض وجدة والدمام والخبر والجبيل اولقطيف والاحساء والرياض وجدة ومكة المدينة المنورة والخرج والطائف وخميس مشيط وبجدة افضل شركة نقل عفش بجدة نعرضها مجموعة الفا لنقل العفش بمكة والخرج والقصيم والطائف وتبوك وخميس مشيط ونجران وجيزان وبريدة والمدينة المنورة وينبع افضل شركات نقل الاثاث بالجبيل والطائف وخميس مشيط وبريدة وعنيزو وابها ونجران المدينة وينبع تبوك والقصيم الخرج حفر الباطن والظهران
    شركة نقل عفش بجدة
    شركة نقل عفش بالمدينة المنورة
    شركة نقل اثاث بالرياض
    شركة نقل عفش بالدمام

    ReplyDelete
  28. ghadaJuly 22, 2017 at 9:52 PM


    شركة نقل عفش بالطائف
    شركة نقل عفش بمكة
    شركة نقل عفش بينبع
    شركة نقل عفش بالخرج
    شركة نقل عفش ببريدة

    ReplyDelete
  29. ghadaJuly 22, 2017 at 9:53 PM



    شركة نقل عفش بخميس مشيط
    شركة نقل عفش بالقصيم
    شركة نقل عفش بتبوك
    شركة نقل عفش بابها
    شركة نقل عفش بنجران
    شركة نقل عفش بحائل

    ReplyDelete
  30. UnknownNovember 8, 2017 at 1:45 PM

    Christmas laser light that u try to find

    ReplyDelete
  31. BR AconteceNovember 14, 2017 at 1:24 PM

    The distribution of the
    current point, in particular, its convergence to a steady state (or stationary) distribution, turns out to be a very interesting phenomenon.

    ReplyDelete
  32. TejutejuSeptember 21, 2018 at 1:18 PM

    It is nice blog Thank you porovide important information and i am searching for same information to save my time Data Science online Training

    ReplyDelete
  33. Pervez JoarderSeptember 27, 2018 at 8:46 AM


    We to tell the truth think you would need seriously designed most people within the explanation uncovered plenty of people have the method when it comes to cool off a good storyline using a massive supplemental efficient essential. Page easily are convinced trust working experience good commercialized other individuals about the chance until now have you can expect to have point in time to guarantee everyone on line data backup all suggestion swimming pool. wide-ranging bit more good quality records. Add-ons follow-up Boston red sox tickets Ok bye for good material.

    ReplyDelete
  34. Anna gomesSeptember 30, 2018 at 8:05 AM

    Great artical
    iphone x powerbank quick charge
    iphone powerbank

    ReplyDelete
  35. Pervez JoarderMarch 8, 2019 at 6:47 AM


    Regards just for excellent knowledge. We will start off an innovative new endeavor around the identical markets as this approach blog. Pretty decent help! Visitor afterward many along with noticed presumes might think these sorts of a tremendous amount understand! Up to now continue on this sort of kitchen remodeling weschester county Very much about section Serious purchased.

    ReplyDelete
  36. Pankaj SinghApril 4, 2019 at 9:43 AM

    Nice blog, keep more updates about this type of information. Visit for the best Website Designing and Development Company in Delhi.
    Top 5 Website Designing Company in Delhi

    ReplyDelete
  37. Neha SharmaApril 5, 2019 at 1:46 PM

    Rice Bags Manufacturers
    Pouch Manufacturers
    wall putty bag manufacturers

    ReplyDelete
  38. Neha SharmaApril 5, 2019 at 1:46 PM

    we have provide the best ppc service.
    ppc company in gurgaon
    website designing company in Gurgaon
    PPC company in Noida

    ReplyDelete
  39. Neha SharmaApril 5, 2019 at 1:46 PM

    we have provide the best fridge repair service.
    fridge repair in faridabad
    Videocon Fridge Repair in Faridabad
    Whirlpool Fridge Repair in Faridabad
    Washing Machine Repair in Noida
    godrej washing machine repair in noida
    whirlpool Washing Machine Repair in Noida
    IFB washing Machine Repair in Noida
    LG Washing Machine Repair in Noida

    ReplyDelete
  40. Neha SharmaApril 5, 2019 at 1:46 PM

    Bali Honeymoon Packages From Delhi
    Bali Honeymoon Packages From Chennai
    Hong Kong Packages From Delhi
    Europe Packages from Delhi
    Bali Honeymoon Packages From Bangalore
    Bali Honeymoon Packages From Mumbai
    Maldives Honeymoon Packages From Bangalore
    travel company in Delhi

    ReplyDelete
  41. Mutual FundwalaApril 15, 2019 at 1:19 PM

    Get Mutual Fund Investment Schemes by Mutual Fund Wala and know about the best investment platform for you, to get profit.
    Mutual Fund Agent

    ReplyDelete
  42. creative web solutionMay 6, 2019 at 7:27 AM

    Totalsolution is the one of the best home appliances repair canter in all over Delhi we deals in repairing window ac, Split ac , fridge , microwave, washing machine, water cooler, RO and more other home appliances in cheap rates

    LCD, LED Repair in Janakpuri
    LCD, LED Repair in Dwarka
    LCD, LED Repair in Vikaspuri
    LCD, LED Repair in Uttam Nagar
    LCD, LED Repair in Paschim Vihar
    LCD, LED Repair in Rohini
    LCD, LED Repair in Punjabi Bagh
    LCD, LED Repair in Delhi. & Delhi NCR
    LCD, LED Repair in Delhi. & Delhi NCR
    Washing Machine repair on your doorstep
    Microwave repair on your doorstep

    ReplyDelete
  43. creative web solutionMay 6, 2019 at 7:50 AM

    Get The Best Repairing Service of office chairs shockers of your sofa or billiards and more other furniturea at best price.For more info visit our site given below :-

    Chair Repairing in nawada
    Shocker Repairing in dwarka
    Sofa Repairing in delhi ncr
    Furniture Repairing in janakpuri
    Billiards Repairing in nehru place
    chair repair in dwarka
    sofa repair in south delhi
    shocker repair in nawada
    furniture repair in nawada

    ReplyDelete
  44. creative web solutionMay 6, 2019 at 8:13 AM

    Are you looking for a maid for your home to care your baby,patient care taker, cook service or a japa maid for your pregnent wife we are allso providing maid to take care of your old parents.we are the best and cheapest service provider in delhi for more info visit our site and get all info.

    maid service provider in South Delhi
    maid service provider in Dwarka
    maid service provider in Gurgaon
    maid service provider in Paschim Vihar
    cook service provider in Paschim Vihar
    cook service provider in Dwarka
    cook service provider in south Delhi
    baby care service provider in Delhi NCR
    baby care service provider in Gurgaon
    baby care service provider in Dwarka
    baby service provider in south Delhi
    servant service provider in Delhi NCR
    servant service provider in Paschim Vihar
    servant Service provider in South Delhi
    japa maid service in Paschim Vihar
    japa maid service in Delhi NCR
    japa maid service in Dwarka
    japa maid service in south Delhi
    patient care service in Paschim Vihar
    patient care service in Delhi NCR
    patient care service in Dwarka
    Patient care service in south Delhi

    ReplyDelete
  45. creative web solutionMay 6, 2019 at 8:38 AM

    We are the best Construction contractors in grater noida if you are planing for any construction in noida contact us and get best offers and all details

    civil construction  contractor in Greater Noida
    residential construction contractor in  Greater Noida
    industrial construction conractors  in Greater Noida
    building construction contractors in  Greater Noida
    home renovation works in Greater Noida
    painting work service in Greater Noida
    wooden work service in Greater Noida
    modular kitchen contractor in Greater Noida
    almiraha contrcution contractor in  Greater Noida

    ReplyDelete
  46. creative web solutionMay 6, 2019 at 9:08 AM

    Alleyaaircool is the one of the best home appliances repair canter in all over Delhi we deals in repairing window ac, Split ac , fridge , microwave, washing machine, water cooler, RO and more other home appliances in cheap rates

    Window AC Repair in vaishali
    Split AC Repair in indirapuram
    Fridge Repair in kaushambi
    Microwave Repair in patparganj
    Washing Machine Repair in vasundhara
    Water Cooler Repair in indirapuram
    RO Service AMC in vasundhara
    Any Cooling System in vaishali
    Window AC Repair in indirapuram

    ReplyDelete
  47. creative web solutionMay 6, 2019 at 9:51 AM

    In This Summers get the best designer umbrellas for you or for your family members we allso deals in wedding umbrellas and in advertising umbrellas For more info visit links given bellow
    UMBRELLA WHOLESALERS IN DELHI
    FANCY UMBRELLA DEALERS
    CORPORATE UMBRELLA MANUFACTURER
    BEST CUSTOMIZED UMBRELLA
    FOLDING UMBRELLA DISTRIBUTORS
    DESIGNER UMBRELLA
    GOLF UMBRELLA DEALERS/MANUFACTURERS
    TOP MENS UMBRELLA
    LADIES UMBRELLA DEALERS
    WEDDING UMBRELLA DEALERS
    BEST QUALITY UMBRELLA
    BIG UMBRELLA
    Top Umbrella Manufacturers in India
    Umbrella Manufacturers in Mumbai
    Umbrella Manufacturers in Delhi
    Garden Umbrella Dealers
    Garden Umbrella Manufacturers
    PROMOTIONAL UMBRELLA DEALERS IN DELHI/MUMBAI
    PROMOTIONAL UMBRELLA MANUFACTURERS IN DELHI / MUMBAI
    ADVERTISING UMBRELLA MANUFACTURERS

    ReplyDelete
  48. Kala KutirMay 6, 2019 at 9:53 AM

    Magnificent data, visit our page way of life magazine to get the best style and way of life magazines.
    Lifestyle Magazine

    ReplyDelete
  49. creative web solutionMay 6, 2019 at 10:53 AM

    We are the one of the top blue art pottery manufacturers in jaipur get contact us and get all informations in detail visit our site
    blue pottery jaipur
    blue pottery shop in jaipur
    blue pottery manufacturers in jaipur
    blue pottery market in jaipur
    blue pottery work shop in jaipur
    blue pottery
    top blue pottery in jaipur
    blue pottery wholesale in jaipur

    ReplyDelete
  50. creative web solutionMay 6, 2019 at 2:28 PM

    Rihan electronics is one of the best repairing service provider all over india we are giving our service in many different different cities like Noida,Gazibad,Delhi,Delhi NCR

    AC Repair in NOIDA
    Refrigerator Repair Gaziabad
    Refrigerator repair in NOIDA
    washing machine repair in Delhi
    LED Light Repair in Delhi NCR
    plasma TV repair in Gaziyabad
    LCD TV Repair in Delhi NCR
    LED TV Repair in Delhi

    ReplyDelete
  51. creative web solutionMay 15, 2019 at 11:50 AM

    We are the one of the top blue art pottery manufacturers in jaipur get contact us and get all informations in detail visit our site
    blue pottery jaipur
    blue pottery shop in jaipur
    blue pottery manufacturers in jaipur
    blue pottery market in jaipur
    blue pottery work shop in jaipur
    blue pottery
    top blue pottery in jaipur
    blue pottery wholesale in jaipur

    ReplyDelete
  52. creative web solutionMay 15, 2019 at 12:06 PM

    Rihan electronics is one of the best repairing service provider all over india we are giving our service in many different different cities like Noida,Gazibad,Delhi,Delhi NCR

    AC Repair in NOIDA
    Refrigerator Repair Gaziabad
    Refrigerator repair in NOIDA
    washing machine repair in Delhi
    LED Light Repair in Delhi NCR
    plasma TV repair in Gaziyabad
    LCD TV Repair in Delhi NCR
    LED TV Repair in Delhi

    ReplyDelete
  53. UnknownMay 30, 2019 at 2:15 PM

    Agar aap chatey hai ki aapka boyfriend ya girlfriend ka rishta tut jae toh aap Rishta todne ki dua Duas in islam is the best dua for love back.

    ReplyDelete
  54. creative web solutionJuly 3, 2019 at 8:51 AM

    ARE YOU SEARCHING FOR THE BEST CAR WASHING AND CLEANING SERVICE PROVIDER IN DELHI NCR JUST CLICK ON OUR LINK AND GET ALL DETAILS


    Best car cleaning service in delhi ncr
    Car Coating service in delhi ncr
    Best Car Washing center in delhi ncr
    car rubbing and polishing service in delhi ncr
    best car service provider in delhi ncr
    best car seat cover in delhi ncr
    car dry cleaning service provider in delhi ncr
    best car roof polishing in delhi ncr

    ReplyDelete
  55. Just InfoJuly 4, 2019 at 12:47 PM

    This is really nice, thanks again for this wonderful and valuable information sharing with us. Visit Kalakutir for Godown Floor Marking Painting and Base Company Logo Painting.
    Godown Floor Marking Painting

    ReplyDelete
  56. Anna gomesJuly 11, 2019 at 10:42 AM

    Good article -Please check this link
    Mynews8
    best rechargeable batteries

    ReplyDelete
  57. Hari jiSeptember 7, 2019 at 10:12 AM

    Thanks for Fantasctic blog and its to much informatic which i never think ..Keep writing and grwoing your self

    apostille services in ghaziabad
    apostille services in faridabad
    apostille services in noida
    apostille services in gurgaon
    apostille services in delhi
    uae embassy attestation in gurgaon
    uae embassy attestation in ghaziabad
    uae embassy attestation in delhi
    uae embassy attestation in faridabad
    uae embassy attestation in noida

    ReplyDelete
  58. Mobile app development company in MumbaiJanuary 3, 2020 at 8:05 AM

    App development company in mumbai

    ReplyDelete
  59. bestieltscoachingindwarkaFebruary 12, 2020 at 9:08 AM

    Usually I never comment on blogs but your article is so convincing that I never stop myself to say something about it. You’re doing a great job Man,Keep it up.
    Best study in uk consultants in delhi
    ielts coaching in gurgaon

    ReplyDelete

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)