After reading this article on time lock cryptography I realised that you just need to store the decryption unit in a secure location. And what could be more secure than the Oort cloud?
Launch your space probe. After it's securely in space, it generates a public/private key pair using random cosmic radiation as the source, and transmits only the public key to Earth. Any incoming messages signed with the public key will be decrypted and retransmitted in the clear.
Now messages signed with the public key can't be decrypted faster than the roundtrip light time between Earth and the probe. Need the message locked for longer than the roundtrip light time? Encrypt it
(required lock duration)
-------------------------
(round trip duration)
times and do multiple transmissions.
Using the speed of light instead of proof of work may seem like cheating, but it gets the job done.
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