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{{Short description|Demonstration of common strokes in Chinese characters}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Eight Principles of {{transl|zh|Yong}}}}
{{Short description|Demonstration of CJK character strokes}}
{{infobox|bodystyle=font-size:smaller;background:#fff;
{{infobox|bodystyle=font-size:smaller;background:#fff;
| image = [[File:永-order.gif|150px]][[File:永.png|150px]]
| image = [[File:永-order.gif|150px]][[File:永.png|150px]]
| caption = '''The character '''{{zhi|c=永|p=yǒng|l=forever', 'permanence}}: its stroke order animated (left) and colored sequentially from black to red (right)
| caption = '''The character {{lang|zh|永}}, ''yǒng'', "forever", "permanence"''' <br />Stroke order animated (left)<br />and in color gradation from black to red (right)
| image2 = [[File:Yong's skeleton.png|300px]]
| image2 = [[File:Yong's skeleton.png|300px]]
| caption2 = '''The strokes numbered''': where there are multiple numbers in an area, the strokes overlap briefly and continue from the previous number to the next.
| caption2 = '''The strokes numbered''' <br /> Where there are multiple numbers in an area, the strokes <br>overlap briefly and continue from the previous number to the next.
| image3 = [[File:8 strokes of 永-zh.svg|300px|'''The eight strokes''']]
| image3 = [[File:8 strokes of 永-zh.svg|300px|'''The eight strokes''']]
| caption3 = '''The strokes together and separated''': sequence numbers, and stroke directions (red)
| caption3 = '''The strokes together, and separated'''<br />Sequence numbers and stroke directions in red
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
{{Infobox Chinese
| showflag = c
|showflag=c
| c = 永字八法
|c=永字八法
| p = Yǒngzì Bā Fǎ
|p=Yǒngzì Bā Fǎ
| w = Yung<sup>3</sup>tzu<sup>4</sup> Pa<sup>1</sup> Fa<sup>3</sup>
|w=Yung<sup>3</sup>tzu<sup>4</sup> Pa<sup>1</sup> Fa<sup>3</sup>
| j = Wing5zi6 Baat3 Faat3
|j=Wing5zi6 Baat3 Faat3
| h = Yúnsṳ̀ Pat Fap
|h=Yúnsṳ̀ Pat Fap
| tl = Íngjī Pat Huat
|tl=Íngjī Pat Huat
| qn = Vĩnh tự bát pháp
| chuhan = 永字八法
| kanji = 永字八法
| kana = えいじはっぽう
| romaji = Eiji happō
| hangul = 영자팔법
| hanja = 永字八法
| rr = Yeongjapalbeop
}}
}}


The '''Eight Principles of ''Yong''''' are used by calligraphers to practice how to write the eight most common [[Stroke (Chinese character)|stroke]]s in [[regular script]], using the fact that they are all present in the character {{zhi|c={{linktext|永}}|p=yǒng|l=forever', 'permanence}}. It was believed that the frequent practice of these principles as such when beginning one's study could ensure beauty in the [[Chinese calligraphy|Chinese calligrapher]]'s writing.
'''The Eight Principles of ''Yong''''' ({{zh|c=永字八法|p=Yǒngzì Bā Fǎ}}; {{lang-ja|永字八法/えいじはっぽう}}, ''eiji happō''; {{lang-ko|영자팔법/永字八法}}, ''Yeongjapalbeop'') explain how to write eight common [[Stroke (Chinese character)|stroke]]s in [[regular script]] which are found all in the one character, {{lang|zh|{{linktext|永}}}} ({{zh|p=yǒng}}, "forever", "permanence"). It was traditionally believed that the frequent practice of these principles as a beginning [[Chinese calligraphy|calligrapher]] could ensure beauty in one's writing.


The Eight Principles are influenced by the [[Eastern Jin]]-era ''Seven Powers'' ({{zhi|c=七勢}}) by Lady [[Wei Shuo]]. Publications on the principles include:
The Eight Principles are influenced by the earlier Seven Powers ({{lang|zh-Hant|七勢}}) by Lady [[Wei Shuo]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|衛鑠}}) of [[Eastern Jin]]. Publications on the Principles include:
* The [[Tang dynasty|Tang-era]] ''Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong"'' ({{zhi|c=永字八法頌}}) by [[Liu Zongyuan]]<ref name=liu>{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Zongyuan |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%AD%97%E5%85%AB%E6%B3%95%E9%A0%92 |title=永字八法颁 |series=全唐文 |volume=0583 |language=zh |script-title=zh:Yǒngzìbāfǎ sòng|trans-title=Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong"}}</ref>
* ''The Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong"'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|永字八法頌}}) by [[Liu Zongyuan]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|柳宗元}}) of the [[Tang Dynasty]].
* ''Explanations to the Eight Principles of "Yong"'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|永字八法解}}) by Li Puguang ({{lang|zh-Hant|李溥光}}) of the [[Yuan Dynasty]]. Lǐ provided two-character [[metaphor]]ical names.
* The Tang-era ''Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong"'' ({{zhi|c=永字八法頌}}) by [[Yan Zhenqing]]<ref name=yan>{{Cite book |last=Yan |first=Zhenqing |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%AD%97%E5%85%AB%E6%B3%95%E9%A0%8C |title=永字八法颂 |series=全唐文 |volume=0338 |language=zh |script-title=zh:Yǒngzìbāfǎ sòng|trans-title=Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong"}}</ref>
* The [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan-era]] ''Eight Ways to Explain "Yong"'' ({{zhi|c=永字八法解}}) by Li Puguang,<ref name=li>{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Puguang |title=永字八法解 |language=zh |script-title=zh:Yǒngzìbāfǎ jiě |trans-title=Eight Ways to Explain "Yong"}}</ref> which provides two-character metaphorical names


== Table ==
== Table of naming usages ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ {{transl|zh|Yongzi}} strokes by [[stroke order]]
|+ List of Yǒngzì principles (by [[stroke order]])
! !! Stroke !! Name{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}<br/>{{small|([[pinyin]], [[Traditional Chinese characters|trad.]]/[[Simplified Chinese characters|simp.]])}}
! scope="col" colspan="3" rowspan="2" | Stroke<ref name=utf>{{Cite web |editor-link=Unicode Consortium |title=CJK Strokes |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U31C0.pdf |website=The Unicode Standard}}</ref>
! [[Stroke (CJK character)|CJK stroke]] name !! Lǐ's name !! Additional description
! colspan="4" | Name
! rowspan="2" scope=col | Additional description
|-
! scope="col" | Tang-era<ref name=liu/><ref name=yan/>
! scope="col" | Li<ref name=li/>
! Modern Chinese
! scope=col | Vietnamese
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| [[File:D black.png|25px]]
| [[File:D black.png|25px]]
| ''Cè'', ({{lang|zh-Hant|側}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|侧}}) "Sideway"
| {{bigdiv|㇔}}
| ''Diǎn'', ({{lang|zh-Hant|點}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|点}}) "Dot"
| {{zhi|t=側|s=侧|first=t|p=cè|l=side}}
| ''Guài Shí'', ({{lang|zh|怪石}}) "Strange stone"
| {{zhi|c=怪石|first=t|p=guàishí|l=dot}}
| Tiny dash, speck.
| {{zhi|t=點|s=点|first=t|p=diǎn|l=dot}}
| {{lang|vi|chấm}}
| Tiny dash, speck
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| [[File:H black.png|25px]]
| [[File:H black.png|25px]]
| ''Lè'', ({{lang|zh|勒}}) "Bridle"
| {{bigdiv|㇐}}
| ''Héng'', ({{lang|zh-Hant|橫}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|横}}) "Horizontal"
| {{zh|c=勒|p=lè|l=bridle|labels=no}}
| ''Yù Àn'', ({{lang|zh|玉案}}) "Jade table"
| {{zh|c=玉案|p=yù'àn|l=jade table|labels=no}}
| Rightward stroke.
| {{zh|t=橫|first=t|s=横|p=héng|l=horizontal|labels=no}}
| {{lang|vi|sổ ngang}}
| Rightward
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| [[File:S black.png|25px]]
| [[File:S black.png|25px]]
| ''Nǔ'', ({{lang|zh|弩}}), "Crossbow"; <br/>''Nǔ'', ({{lang|zh|努}}) "Strive"
| {{bigdiv|㇑}}
| ''Shù'', ({{lang|zh-Hant|豎/竪}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|竖}}) "Erect"; <br/>''Tiěchǔ'', ({{lang|zh-Hant|鐵杵}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|铁杵}}) "Iron staff"{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
| {{ubl|{{zhi|c=弩|p=nǔ|l=crossbow}}|{{zhi|c=努|p=nǔ|l=strive}}}}
| ''Tiězhù'', ({{lang|zh-Hant|鐵柱}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|铁柱}}) "Iron pillar"
| {{zhi|t=鐵柱|s=铁柱|first=t|p=tiězhù|l=iron pillar}}
| Downward stroke.
| {{ubl|{{zhi|t=豎、竪|s=竖|first=t|p=shù|l=erect}}|{{zhi|t=鐵杵|s=铁杵|first=t|p=tiěchǔ|l=iron staff}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}}}
| {{lang|vi|sổ dọc}}
| Downward
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| [[File:G black.png|25px]]
| [[File:G black.png|25px]]
| ''Tí'', ({{lang|zh|趯}}) "Jump"
| {{bigdiv|㇚}}
| ''Gōu'', ({{lang|zh-Hant|鉤/鈎}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|钩}}) "Hook"
| {{zhi|c=趯|p=tì|l=jump}}
| ''Xièzhuǎ'', ({{lang|zh|蟹爪}}) "Pincer of a crab"
| {{zhi|c=蟹爪|p=xièzhuǎ|l=crab's pincer}}
| Appended to other strokes, suddenly going down or going left only.
| {{zhi|t=鉤、鈎|s=钩|first=t|p=gōu|l=hook}}
| {{lang|vi|móc}}
| Appended to others, suddenly going down, or left only
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| [[File:T black.png|25px]]
| [[File:T black.png|25px]]
| ''Cè'', ({{lang|zh|策}}) "Horsewhip"
| {{bigdiv|㇀}}
| ''Tí'', ({{lang|zh|提}}) "Raise";<br/>''Tiāo'', ({{lang|zh|挑}}) "Lifting off"{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
| {{zhi|c=策|p=cè|l=horsewhip}}
| {{zhi|c=虎牙|p=hǔyá|l=tiger's tooth}}
| ''Hǔyá'', ({{lang|zh|虎牙}}) "Tiger's tooth"
| Flick up and rightwards.
| {{ubl|{{zhi|c=提|p=tí|l=raise}}|{{zhi|c=挑|p=tiāo|l=lift-off}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}}}
| {{lang|vi|hất}}
| Flick up and rightwards
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| [[File:W black.png|25px]]
| [[File:W black.png|25px]]
| ''Lüè'', ({{lang|zh|掠}}) "Passing lightly"
| {{bigdiv|㇁}}
| ''Wān'', ({{lang|zh-Hant|彎}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|弯}}) "Bend, curve"
| {{zhi|c=掠|p=lüè|l=skim}}
| ''Xījiǎo'', ({{lang|zh|犀角}}) "Horn of rhinoceros"
| {{zhi|c=犀角|p=xījiǎo|l=rhinoceros's horn}}
| A tapering thinning curve, usually concave left (convex outward right) and with fast speed as if skimming.
| {{zhi|t=彎|s=弯|first=t|p=wān|l=curve}}
| {{lang|vi|cong}}
| Tapering thinning curve, usually concave left (convex outward right) with fast speed as if skimming
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| [[File:P black.png|25px]]
| [[File:P black.png|25px]]
| ''Zhuó'', ({{lang|zh|啄}}) "Pecking"
| {{bigdiv|㇒}}
| ''Piě'', ({{lang|zh|撇}}) "Throw away, slant";<br/>''Duǎn Piě'' ({{lang|zh|短撇}}) "Short slant"{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
| {{zhi|c=啄|p=zhuó|l=to peck}}
| ''Niǎo Zhuó'', ({{lang|zh-Hant|鳥啄}}/{{lang|zh-Hans|鸟啄}}) "Bird pecking"
| {{zhi|t=鳥啄|s=鸟啄|first=t|p=niǎozhuó|l=bird's pecking}}
| Falling leftwards (with slight curve).
| {{ubl|{{zhi|c=撇|p=piě|l=throw away}}|{{zhi|c=短撇|p=duǎnpiě|l=short slant}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}}}
| {{lang|vi|phẩy}}
| Falling leftwards with light curve
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| [[File:N black.png|25px]]
| [[File:N black.png|25px]]
| ''Zhé'', ({{lang|zh|磔}}) "Dismemberment"
| {{bigdiv|㇏}}
| ''Nà'', ({{lang|zh|捺}}) "Pressing forcefully";<br/>''Pō'', ({{lang|zh|波}}) "Wave"{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
| {{zhi|c=磔|p=zhé|l=dismember}}
| ''Jīndāo'', ({{lang|zh|金刀}}) "Golden [[Dao (Chinese sword)|dao]] (knife)"
| {{zhi|c=金刀|p=jīndāo|l=golden knife}}
| Falling rightwards (fattening at the bottom), where the end point is "as sharp as a knife" (hence the name "Dismemberment").
| {{ubl|{{zhi|c=捺|p=nà|l=press firmly}}|{{zhi|c=波|p=bō|l=wave}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}}}
| {{lang|vi|mác}}
| Falling rightwards, fattening at bottom, where endpoint is "sharp as a knife"
|}
|}

{{notelist}}
Note: [[File:XG-black.png|25px]] － ''Xié'' {{lang|zh|斜}} is sometimes added to the {{lang|zh|永}}'s strokes. It is a concave ''Shù'' falling right, always ended by a ''Gōu'', visible on this image.

===CJK strokes===
===CJK strokes===
{{Main|Stroke (CJK character)}}
{{Main|Stroke (CJK character)}}
In addition to these eight common strokes in {{zhi|c=永}}, there are at least two dozen strokes of combinations which enter in the composition of [[CJK strokes]] and by inclusion the [[CJK characters]] themselves. Many are included in [[Unicode]].<ref name=utf/>
In addition to these eight common strokes in {{lang|zh|永}}, there are at least two dozen strokes of combinations which enter in the composition of [[CJK strokes]] and by inclusion the [[CJK characters]] themselves.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Vĩnh tự bát pháp.jpg|The principles, as shown in the Vietnamese book {{lang|vi|Nhật dụng thường đàm}} {{lang|vi-Hani|日用常談}} (1851), with their individual strokes.
File:Page 41 of Ngũ vân lâu tăng đính tứ thể thư pháp.jpg|A section in {{lang|vi|Ngũ vân lâu tăng đính tứ thể thư pháp}} {{lang|vi-Hani|五雲摟增訂四體書法}} (1848), explaining the concept of the Eight Principles of ''Yong''.
File:Vĩnh tự bát pháp.png|The Eight Principles of ''Yong'' depicted the calligraphy book, {{lang|vi|Tứ thể bút thức}} {{lang|vi-Hani|四體筆式}} (1869)
</gallery>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 135: Line 98:


== References ==
== References ==
* ''Explanations to the Eight Principles of "Yong"'' ({{lang|zh|永字八法解}}) by [[Li Puguang]] ({{lang|zh|李溥光}})
{{reflist}}
* [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U31C0.pdf Unicode page for all CJK strokes, thus including the 8 strokes of Yong]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Eight Principles Of Yong}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eight Principles Of Yong}}
[[Category:Cultural lists|8 Eight Principles of Yong]]
[[Category:Cultural lists|8 Eight Principles of Yong]]
[[Category:Chinese character strokes]]
[[Category:Chinese characters]]
[[Category:East Asian calligraphy]]
[[Category:East Asian calligraphy]]

Revision as of 19:20, 4 May 2024

The character 永, yǒng, "forever", "permanence"
Stroke order animated (left)
and in color gradation from black to red (right)
The strokes numbered
Where there are multiple numbers in an area, the strokes
overlap briefly and continue from the previous number to the next.
The eight strokes
The strokes together, and separated
Sequence numbers and stroke directions in red
Eight Principles of Yong
Chinese永字八法

The Eight Principles of Yong (Chinese: 永字八法; pinyin: Yǒngzì Bā Fǎ; Japanese: 永字八法/えいじはっぽう, eiji happō; Korean: 영자팔법/永字八法, Yeongjapalbeop) explain how to write eight common strokes in regular script which are found all in the one character, 永 (pinyin: yǒng, "forever", "permanence"). It was traditionally believed that the frequent practice of these principles as a beginning calligrapher could ensure beauty in one's writing.

The Eight Principles are influenced by the earlier Seven Powers (七勢) by Lady Wei Shuo (衛鑠) of Eastern Jin. Publications on the Principles include:

  • The Praise to the Eight Principles of "Yong" (永字八法頌) by Liu Zongyuan (柳宗元) of the Tang Dynasty.
  • Explanations to the Eight Principles of "Yong" (永字八法解) by Li Puguang (李溥光) of the Yuan Dynasty. Lǐ provided two-character metaphorical names.

Table of naming usages

List of Yǒngzì principles (by stroke order)
Stroke Name[citation needed]
(pinyin, trad./simp.) 		CJK stroke name Lǐ's name Additional description
1 Cè, (側/侧) "Sideway" Diǎn, (點/点) "Dot" Guài Shí, (怪石) "Strange stone" Tiny dash, speck.
2 Lè, (勒) "Bridle" Héng, (橫/横) "Horizontal" Yù Àn, (玉案) "Jade table" Rightward stroke.
3 Nǔ, (弩), "Crossbow";
Nǔ, (努) "Strive" 		Shù, (豎/竪/竖) "Erect";
Tiěchǔ, (鐵杵/铁杵) "Iron staff"[citation needed] 		Tiězhù, (鐵柱/铁柱) "Iron pillar" Downward stroke.
4 Tí, (趯) "Jump" Gōu, (鉤/鈎/钩) "Hook" Xièzhuǎ, (蟹爪) "Pincer of a crab" Appended to other strokes, suddenly going down or going left only.
5 Cè, (策) "Horsewhip" Tí, (提) "Raise";
Tiāo, (挑) "Lifting off"[citation needed] 		Hǔyá, (虎牙) "Tiger's tooth" Flick up and rightwards.
6 Lüè, (掠) "Passing lightly" Wān, (彎/弯) "Bend, curve" Xījiǎo, (犀角) "Horn of rhinoceros" A tapering thinning curve, usually concave left (convex outward right) and with fast speed as if skimming.
7 Zhuó, (啄) "Pecking" Piě, (撇) "Throw away, slant";
Duǎn Piě (短撇) "Short slant"[citation needed] 		Niǎo Zhuó, (鳥啄/鸟啄) "Bird pecking" Falling leftwards (with slight curve).
8 Zhé, (磔) "Dismemberment" Nà, (捺) "Pressing forcefully";
Pō, (波) "Wave"[citation needed] 		Jīndāo, (金刀) "Golden dao (knife)" Falling rightwards (fattening at the bottom), where the end point is "as sharp as a knife" (hence the name "Dismemberment").

Note: － Xié 斜 is sometimes added to the 永's strokes. It is a concave Shù falling right, always ended by a Gōu, visible on this image.

CJK strokes

Main article: Stroke (CJK character)

In addition to these eight common strokes in 永, there are at least two dozen strokes of combinations which enter in the composition of CJK strokes and by inclusion the CJK characters themselves.

See also

References

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